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Please log in as a Pro member to see the recording of Grisha’s November, 2015 interview with Joseph LeDoux below. 

If you are not yet a member, we  hope you will join us for the live interviews and other great features of our school. Click here for membership info. [/s2If][s2If current_user_can(access_s2member_level3)]Thanks for being a Pro Member! The recording of Grisha’s November, 2015 interview with Joseph LeDoux is below. [/s2If]

Don’t miss our December interview with Greg McKeown, author of Essentialism.  We also have some great upcoming online seminars.

Topics for questions: Neuroscience, memory reconsolidation, the emotional brain, how reconsolidation influences PTSD treatment. Also see research info below.[s2If current_user_can(access_s2member_level3)][php]
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Questions from the interview:

• What is it that neuroscientists do and what got you into it?
• We do really make up explanations for what we physically feel. Can you explain that more?
• In your book “Anxious,” you discuss how there are conflicting and circular definitions of the word fear, both in scientific research and in everyday use. What is your definition of fear and how does that differ from other ways the term it is used?
• Why can’t you reinforce negative emotions by adding something positive? E.g. dog is scared of/reactive towards something/-one and you click and treat him for looking at the “monster”. Often my clients find it hard to believe that you can not reinforce fear or “aggression” by adding R+. I want to understand the scientific background, so I am able to explain it better.
• You proposed the terms to replace the word “fear” when not talking about conscious feeling. In Anxious, you wrote “threat stimuli elicit defense responses via activation of the defense system.” You also used “conditioned threat stimulus” and “conditioned defense response” instead of “conditioned fear stimulus” and “conditioned fear response.” Can you go into that a bit more?
• Can you talk about how the emotion of fear is a response to the autonomic arousal and behavior and not the instigator?
• Can you explain how we can affect reconsolidation during extinction by timing, not just by drugs?
• I developed an extinction technique that teaches active coping strategies to dogs who overreact (I’d normally say it’s for fear, frustration, or aggression, but I know you don’t like those terms). It’s called Behavior Adjustment Training (BAT). We set up scenarios where the dog is exploring an area and a helper, like another dog, is at a far distance. I usually start with the helper far enough away that the flight/fight system isn’t activated and the student dog will freely move around and explore the area, but close enough that the student dog has shown some signs of awareness, so we aren’t wasting our time.  We gradually let the dog go closer, and we often end up with positive social interactions. I know conscious awareness isn’t technically required for extinction, and bypassing consciousness may also be helpful. But I want to make sure the trigger is salient and that the dog’s behavior is related to the helper in some way. Any guesses as to whether that is an optimal distance or does it not matter if they are aware of the helper?
• For extinction, would it be problematic if a dog is experiencing the stimulus while also doing a cognitive task?

About Joseph LeDoux, Ph.D.

Joseph LeDoux is the Henry and Lucy Moses Professor of Science at New York University in the Center for Neural Science. He directs the Emotional Brain Institute of NYU and the Nathan Kline Institute. His work is focused on the brain mechanisms of memory and emotion and he is the author of The Emotional Brain and Synaptic Self. His new book, Anxious, came out in July 2015. One of its goals is to try to clarify what we can and can’t learn from animals about human feelings, especially fear and anxiety.

Dr. LeDoux has received a number of awards, including the Karl Spencer Lashley Award from the American Philosophical Society, the Fyssen International Prize in Cognitive Science, Jean Louis Signoret Prize of the IPSEN Foundation, the Santiago Grisolia Prize, the American Psychological Association Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, the American Psychological Association Donald O. Hebb Award.

Dr. LeDoux is a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the New York Academy of Sciences, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and a member of the National Academy of Sciences. He is also the lead singer and songwriter in the rock band, The Amygdaloids. They will have a new CD, Anxious, which will release at the same time as his new book of the same name (in July). The CD will songs about anxiety, fear, and other aspects of mind and brain.

Ongoing work in his lab explores the following questions:

• Is the same basic system that underlies the conditioning and expression reactive responses, such as freezing behavior, also involved in controlling instrumental responses, such as escape and avoidance, in dangerous situations?
• To what extent can threat memories be changed through experience, and can these approaches be used to help treat people with fear and anxiety disorders?
• What are the mechanisms through which conscious emotional feelings, as opposed to behavioral or autonomic responses, come about?

He writes, “A key issue is the role of ‘fear’ in so-called fear conditioning. Fear, as commonly used, refers to the subjective feeling we experience when in danger. The extent to which animals, aside from humans, have such experiences is not easily determined. We should, therefore, not search for fear or other human emotions in the brains of other animals, but instead should ask whether processes that are present in the brains of other animals are also present in humans. This will help avoid conflation of fearful feelings with more basic survival mechanisms that are widely shared across species.”

[Animal World Superstars Info]   [Membership Information]

Honors and Awards

• Honors and Merit Award, NIMH (1989)
• Awards: Research Scientist Development Award (KO2), NIMH (1994)
• Jean Louis Signoret Prize, Foundation IPSEN, Paris (1999)
• Margaret and Louis Sokol Faculty Award in the Sciences, NYU (1998)
• Research Scientist Development Award (KO2), NIMH (1999)
• Merit Award, NIMH (1999)
• Hoch Award, American Psychopathological Association (2001) Research Scientist Award (K05), NIMH (2003)
• Fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences (2005)
• Fyssen Foundation 2005 International Prize (2006)
• Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (2006)
• D. O. Hebb Award, American Psychological Association (2008)
• Santiago Grisolia Prize, Valencia Spain (2009)
• Distinguished Scientific Contributions to Psychology, American Psychological Association (2010)

Peer Reviewed Research Papers

1. Thompson R, Chetta M, LeDoux JE (1974) Brightness discrimination loss after lesion of the corpus striatum in the white rat. Bull Psychon Soc 3:293-295.

2. Thompson R, LeDoux JE (1974) Common brain regions essential for the expression of learned and instinctive visual habits in the albino rat. Bull Psychon Soc 4:78-80.

3. Thompson R, LeDoux JE (1975) A stereotaxic map of the brainstem areas critical for locomotor responses in a novel environment. Bull Psychon Soc 6:327-328.

4. Thompson R, LeDoux JE (1976) Stereotaxic mapping of brainstem areas critical for the expression of the rodent’s preference for the dark. Bull Psychon Soc 8:472-474.

5. LeDoux JE, Risse GL, Springer SP, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1977) Cognition and commissurotomy. Brain 100 Pt 1:87-104.

6. LeDoux JE, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1977) Manipulo-spatial aspects of cerebral lateralization: clues to the origin of lateralization. Neuropsychologia 15:743-750.

7. Gazzaniga MS, LeDoux JE, Wilson DH (1977) Language, praxis, and the right hemisphere: clues to some mechanisms of consciousness. Neurology 27:1144-1147.

8. LeDoux JE, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1977) A divided mind: observations on the conscious properties of the separated hemispheres. Ann Neurol 2:417-421.

9. Risse GL, LeDoux JE, Springer SP, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1978) The anterior commissure in man: functional variation in a multisensory system. Neuropsychologia 16:23-31.

10. LeDoux JE, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1978) Block design performance following callosal sectioning. Observations on functional recovery. Arch Neurol 35:506-508.

11. Gazzaniga MS, Volpe BT, Smylie CS, Wilson DH, LeDoux JE (1979) Plasticity in speech organization following commissurotomy. Brain 102:805-815.

12. Volpe BT, LeDoux JE, Gazzaniga MS (1979) Spatially oriented movements in the absence of proprioception. Neurology 29:1309-1313.

13. Volpe BT, LeDoux JE, Gazzaniga MS (1979) Information processing of visual stimuli in an “extinguished” field. Nature 282:722-724.

14. LeDoux JE, Smylie CS, Ruff R, Gazzaniga MS (1980) Left hemisphere visual Ω in a case of right hemisphere symptomatology. Implications for theories of cerebral lateralization. Arch Neurol 37:157-159.

15. LeDoux JE, Tucker LW, Del Bo A, Harshfield G, Green L, Talman WT, Reis DJ (1980) A hierarchical organization of blood pressure during natural behaviour in rat and the effects of central catecholamine neurons thereon. Clin Sci (Lond) 59 Suppl 6:271s-273s.

16. del Bo A, LeDoux JE, Tucker LW, Harshkfield GA, Reis DJ (1982) Arterial pressure and heart rate changes during natural sleep in rat. Physiol Behav 28:425-429.

17. LeDoux JE, Del Bo A, Tucker LW, Harshfield G, Talman WT, Reis DJ (1982) Hierarchic organization of blood pressure responses during the expression of natural behaviors in rat: mediation by sympathetic nerves. Exp Neurol 78:121-133.

18. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Reis DJ (1982) Behaviorally selective cardiovascular hyperreactivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Evidence for hypoemotionality and enhanced appetitive motivation. Hypertension 4:853-863.

19. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Reis DJ (1983) Alpha-methylDOPA dissociates hypertension, cardiovascular reactivity and emotional behavior in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Brain Res 259:69-76.

20. Sakaguchi A, LeDoux JE, Reis DJ (1983) Sympathetic nerves and adrenal medulla: contributions to cardiovascular-conditioned emotional responses in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Hypertension 5:728-738.

21. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Reis DJ (1983) Strain differences in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Brain Res 277:137-143.

22. Thompson ME, LeDoux JE, Iadecola C, Tucker LW, Reis DJ (1983) Select increases in local cerebral blood flow during environmental stimulation in conscious rat. J Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism 3:S256-S257.

23. LeDoux JE, Thompson ME, Iadecola C, Tucker LW, Reis DJ (1983) Local cerebral blood flow increases during auditory and emotional processing in the conscious rat. Science 221:576-578.

24. LeDoux JE, Blum C, Hirst W (1983) Inferential processing of context: studies of cognitively impaired subjects. Brain Lang 19:216-224.

25. Sakaguchi A, LeDoux JE, Sved AF, Reis DJ (1984) Strain difference in fear between spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats is mediated by adrenal cortical hormones. Neurosci Lett 46:59-64.

26. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Reis DJ (1984) Subcortical efferent projections of the medial geniculate nucleus mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli. J Neurosci 4:683-698.

27. LeDoux JE, Ruggiero DA, Reis DJ (1985) Projections to the subcortical forebrain from anatomically defined regions of the medial geniculate body in the rat. J Comp

Neurol 242:182-213.

28. LeDoux JE, Sakaguchi A, Iwata J, Reis DJ (1986) Interruption of projections from the medial geniculate body to an archi-neostriatal field disrupts the classical conditioning of emotional responses to acoustic stimuli. Neuroscience 17:615-627.

29. Iwata J, LeDoux JE, Reis DJ (1986) Destruction of intrinsic neurons in the lateral

hypothalamus disrupts the classical conditioning of autonomic but not behavioral emotional responses in the rat. Brain Res 368:161-166.

30. Iwata J, LeDoux JE, Meeley MP, Arneric S, Reis DJ (1986) Intrinsic neurons in the

amygdaloid field projected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli. Brain Res 383:195-214.

31. LeDoux JE, Iwata J, Pearl D, Reis DJ (1986) Disruption of auditory but not visual

learning by destruction of intrinsic neurons in the rat medial geniculate body. Brain Res 371:395-399.

32. Iwata J, Chida K, LeDoux JE (1987) Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses. Brain Res 418:183-188.

33. LeDoux JE, Ruggiero DA, Forest R, Stornetta R, Reis DJ (1987) Topographic organization of convergent projections to the thalamus from the inferior colliculus and spinal cord in the rat. J Comp Neurol 264:123-146.

34. Iwata J, LeDoux JE (1988) Dissociation of associative and nonassociative concomitants of classical fear conditioning in the freely behaving rat. Behav Neurosci 102:66-76.

35. LeDoux JE, Iwata J, Cicchetti P, Reis DJ (1988) Different projections of the central amygdaloid nucleus mediate autonomic and behavioral correlates of conditioned fear. J Neurosci 8:2517-2529.

36. LeDoux JE, Xagoraris A, Romanski L (1989) Indelibility of subcortical emotional memories. J Cognitive Neurosci 1:238-243.

37. LeDoux JE, Farb C, Ruggiero DA (1990) Topographic organization of neurons in the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala. J Neurosci 10:1043-1054.

38. Clugnet MC, LeDoux JE, Morrison SF (1990) Unit responses evoked in the amygdala and striatum by electrical stimulation of the medial geniculate body. J Neurosci 10:1055-1061.

39. LeDoux JE, Cicchetti P, Xagoraris A, Romanski LM (1990) The lateral amygdaloid nucleus: sensory interface of the amygdala in fear conditioning. J Neurosci 10:1062-1069.

40. Clugnet MC, LeDoux JE (1990) Synaptic plasticity in fear conditioning circuits: induction of LTP in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala by stimulation of the medial geniculate body. J Neurosci 10:2818-2824.

41. LeDoux JE, Farb CR, Milner TA (1991) Ultrastructure and synaptic associations of auditory thalamo-amygdala projections in the rat. Exp Brain Res 85:577-586.

42. LeDoux JE, Farb CR (1991) Neurons of the acoustic thalamus that project to the amygdala contain glutamate. Neurosci Lett 134:145-149.

43. LeDoux JE, Farb CR, Romanski LM (1991) Overlapping projections to the amygdala and striatum from auditory processing areas of the thalamus and cortex. Neurosci Lett 134:139-144.

44. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE (1992) Differential contribution of amygdala and hippocampus to cued and contextual fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 106:274-285.

45. Bordi F, LeDoux JE (1992) Sensory tuning beyond the sensory system: an initial analysis of auditory response properties of neurons in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus and overlying areas of the striatum. J Neurosci 12:2493-2503.

46. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1992) Bilateral destruction of neocortical and perirhinal projection targets of the acoustic thalamus does not disrupt auditory fear conditioning. Neurosci Lett 142:228-232.

47. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1992) Equipotentiality of thalamo-amygdala and thalamo-cortico-amygdala circuits in auditory fear conditioning. J Neurosci 12:4501-

4509.

48. Farb C, Aoki C, Milner T, Kaneko T, LeDoux JE (1992) Glutamate immunoreactive terminals in the lateral amygdaloid nucleus: a possible substrate for emotional memory. Brain Res 593:145-158.

49. Stefanacci L, Farb CR, Pitkanen A, Go G, LeDoux JE, Amaral DG (1992) Projections from the lateral nucleus to the basal nucleus of the amygdala: a light and electron microscopic PHA-L study in the rat. J Comp Neurol 323:586-601.

50. Bordi F, LeDoux JE, Clugnet MC, Pavlides C (1993) Single-unit activity in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala and overlying areas of the striatum in freely behaving rats: rates, discharge patterns, and responses to acoustic stimuli. Behav Neurosci  07:757-769.

51. Romanski LM, Clugnet MC, Bordi F, LeDoux JE (1993) Somatosensory and auditory convergence in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Behav Neurosci

107:444-450.

52. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1993) Organization of rodent auditory cortex: anterograde transport of PHA-L from MGv to temporal neocortex. Cereb Cortex 3:499-514.

53. Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1993) Information cascade from primary auditory cortex to the amygdala: corticocortical and corticoamygdaloid projections of temporal

cortex in the rat. Cereb Cortex 3:515-532.

54. Morgan MA, Romanski LM, LeDoux JE (1993) Extinction of emotional learning: contribution of medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 163:109-113.

55. Bordi F, LeDoux JE (1994) Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdala. I. Acoustic discharge patterns and frequency receptive fields. Exp Brain Res 98:261-274.

56. Bordi F, LeDoux JE (1994) Response properties of single units in areas of rat auditory thalamus that project to the amygdala. II. Cells receiving convergent auditory and somatosensory inputs and cells antidromically activated by amygdala stimulation. Exp Brain Res 98:275-286.

57. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE (1994) Lesions of the dorsal hippocampal formation interfere with background but not foreground contextual fear conditioning. Learn Mem 1:34-44.

58. Corodimas KP, LeDoux JE, Gold PW, Schulkin J (1994) Corticosterone potentiation of conditioned fear in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 746:392-393.

59. Sparks PD, LeDoux JE (1995) Septal lesions potentiate freezing behavior to contextual but not to phasic conditioned stimuli in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:184-188.

60. Morgan MA, LeDoux JE (1995) Differential contribution of dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Behav Neurosci 109:681-688.

61. Phillips RG, LeDoux JE (1995) Lesions of the fornix but not the entorhinal or perirhinal cortex interfere with contextual fear conditioning. J Neurosci 15:5308-5315.

62. Corodimas KP, LeDoux JE (1995) Disruptive effects of posttraining perirhinal cortex lesions on conditioned fear: contributions of contextual cues. Behav Neurosci 109:613-619.

63. Li XF, Phillips R, LeDoux JE (1995) NMDA and non-NMDA receptors contribute to synaptic transmission between the medial geniculate body and the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Exp Brain Res 105:87-100.

64. Farb CR, Aoki C, LeDoux JE (1995) Differential localization of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits in the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala: a light and electron microscopic study. J Comp Neurol 362:86-108.

65. Pitkanen A, Stefanacci L, Farb CR, Go GG, LeDoux JE, Amaral DG (1995) Intrinsic connections of the rat amygdaloid complex: projections originating in the lateral nucleus. J Comp Neurol 356:288-310.

66. Savander V, Go CG, LeDoux JE, Pitkanen A (1995) Intrinsic connections of the rat amygdaloid complex: projections originating in the basal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 361:345-368.

67. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Spencer DD, Phelps EA (1995) Impaired fear conditioning following unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. J Neurosci 15:6846-6855.

68. Armony JL, Servan-Schreiber D, Cohen JD, LeDoux JE (1995) An anatomically constrained neural network model of fear conditioning. Behav Neurosci 109:246-257.

69. Hugdahl K, Berardi A, Thompson WL, Kosslyn SM, Macy R, Baker DP, Alpert NM, LeDoux JE (1995) Brain mechanisms in human classical conditioning: a PET blood flow study. Neuroreport 6:1723-1728.

70. Rogan MT, LeDoux JE (1995) LTP is accompanied by commensurate enhancement of auditory-evoked responses in a fear conditioning circuit. Neuron 15:127-136.

71. Quirk GJ, Repa C, LeDoux JE (1995) Fear conditioning enhances short-latency auditory responses of lateral amygdala neurons: parallel recordings in the freely behaving rat. Neuron 15:1029-1039.

72. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE (1996) Partial disruption of fear conditioning in rats with unilateral amygdala damage: correspondence with unilateral temporal lobectomy in humans. Behav Neurosci 110:991-997.

73. Melia KR, Ryabinin AE, Corodimas KP, Wilson MC, LeDoux JE (1996) Hippocampal-dependent learning and experience-dependent activation of the hippocampus are preferentially disrupted by ethanol. Neuroscience 74:313-322.

74. Savander V, Go CG, LeDoux JE, Pitkanen A (1996) Intrinsic connections of the rat amygdaloid complex: projections originating in the accessory basal nucleus. J Comp Neurol 374:291-313.

75. Savander V, LeDoux JE, Pitkanen A (1996) Topographic projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to select subregions of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in the rat. Neurosci Lett 211:167-170.

76. Li XF, Armony JL, LeDoux JE (1996) GABAA and GABAB receptors differentially regulate synaptic transmission in the auditory thalamo-amygdala pathway: an in vivo microiontophoretic study and a model. Synapse 24:115-124.

77. Savander V, LeDoux JE, Pitkanen A (1997) Interamygdaloid projections of the basal and accessory basal nuclei of the rat amygdaloid complex. Neuroscience 76:725-735.

78. Savander V, Miettinen R, LeDoux JE, Pitkanen A (1997) Lateral nucleus of the rat amygdala is reciprocally connected with basal and accessory basal nuclei: a light and electron microscopic study. Neuroscience 77:767-781.

79. Li XF, Stutzmann GE, LeDoux JE (1996) Convergent but temporally separated inputs to lateral amygdala neurons from the auditory thalamus and auditory cortex use different postsynaptic receptors: in vivo intracellular and extracellular recordings in fear conditioning pathways. Learn Mem 3:229-242.

80. Armony JL, Servan-Schreiber D, Romanski LM, Cohen JD, LeDoux JE (1997) Stimulus generalization of fear responses: effects of auditory cortex lesions in a computational model and in rats. Cereb Cortex 7:157-165.

81. Muller J, Corodimas KP, Fridel Z, LeDoux JE (1997) Functional inactivation of the lateral and basal nuclei of the amygdala by muscimol infusion prevents fear conditioning to an explicit conditioned stimulus and to contextual stimuli. Behav Neurosci 111:683-691.

82. Farb CR, LeDoux JE (1997) NMDA and AMPA receptors in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala are postsynaptic to auditory thalamic afferents. Synapse 27:106-121.

83. Quirk GJ, Armony JL, LeDoux JE (1997) Fear conditioning enhances different temporal components of tone-evoked spike trains in auditory cortex and lateral amygdala. Neuron 19:613-624.

84. Rogan MT, Staubli UV, LeDoux JE (1997) AMPA receptor facilitation accelerates fear learning without altering the level of conditioned fear acquired. J Neurosci 17:5928-5935.

85. Rogan MT, Staubli UV, LeDoux JE (1997) Fear conditioning induces associative long-term potentiation in the amygdala. Nature 390:604-607.

86. Armony JL, Quirk GJ, LeDoux JE (1998) Differential effects of amygdala lesions on early and late plastic components of auditory cortex spike trains during fear conditioning. J Neurosci 18:2592-2601.

87. LaBar KS, Gatenby JC, Gore JC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (1998) Human amygdala activation during conditioned fear acquisition and extinction: a mixed-trial fMRI study. Neuron 20:937-945.

88. Stutzmann GE, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE (1998) Serotonin modulation of sensory inputs to the lateral amygdala: dependency on corticosterone. J Neurosci 18:9529-9538.

89. Farb CR, LeDoux JE (1999) Afferents from rat temporal cortex synapse on lateral amygdala neurons that express NMDA and AMPA receptors. Synapse 33:218-229.

90. Nader K, LeDoux JE (1999) The dopaminergic modulation of fear: quinpirole impairs the recall of emotional memories in rats. Behav Neurosci 113:152-165.

91. Weisskopf MG, LeDoux JE (1999) Distinct populations of NMDA receptors at subcortical and cortical inputs to principal cells of the lateral amygdala. J Neurophysiol 81:930-934.

92. Stutzmann GE, LeDoux JE (1999) GABAergic antagonists block the inhibitory effects of serotonin in the lateral amygdala: a mechanism for modulation of sensory inputs related to fear conditioning. J Neurosci 19:RC8.

93. Schafe GE, Nadel NV, Sullivan GM, Harris A, LeDoux JE (1999) Memory consolidation for contextual and auditory fear conditioning is dependent on protein synthesis, PKA, and MAP kinase. Learn Mem 6:97-110.

94. Conrad CD, LeDoux JE, Magarinos AM, McEwen BS (1999) Repeated restraint stress facilitates fear conditioning independently of causing hippocampal CA3 dendritic atrophy. Behav Neurosci 113:902-913.

95. Weisskopf MG, Bauer EP, LeDoux JE (1999) L-type voltage-gated calcium channels mediate NMDA-independent associative long-term potentiation at thalamic input synapses to the amygdala. J Neurosci 19:10512-10519.

96. Amorapanth P, Nader K, LeDoux JE (1999) Lesions of periaqueductal gray dissociate-conditioned freezing from conditioned suppression behavior in rats. Learn Mem 6:491-499.

97. Morgan MA, LeDoux JE (1999) Contribution of ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 72:244-251.

98. Doron NN, LeDoux JE (1999) Organization of projections to the lateral amygdala from auditory and visual areas of the thalamus in the rat. J Comp Neurol 412:383-409.

99. Wilensky AE, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (1999) Functional inactivation of the amygdala  before but not after auditory fear conditioning prevents memory formation. J Neurosci 19:RC48.

100. Nader K, LeDoux JE (1999) Inhibition of the mesoamygdala dopaminergic pathway

impairs the retrieval of conditioned fear associations. Behav Neurosci 113:891-901.

101. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) Memory consolidation of auditory pavlovian fear

conditioning requires protein synthesis and protein kinase A in the amygdala. J

Neurosci 20:RC96.

102. Amorapanth P, LeDoux JE, Nader K (2000) Different lateral amygdala outputs

mediate reactions and actions elicited by a fear-arousing stimulus. Nat Neurosci

3:74-79.

103. Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) Fear memories require protein synthesis in

the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature 406:722-726.

104. Doron NN, LeDoux JE (2000) Cells in the posterior thalamus project to both

amygdala and temporal cortex: a quantitative retrograde double-labeling study in

the rat. J Comp Neurol 425:257-274.

105. Schafe GE, Fitts DA, Thiele TE, LeDoux JE, Bernstein IL (2000) The induction of cFos

in the NTS after taste aversion learning is not correlated with measures of

conditioned fear. Behav Neurosci 114:99-106.

106. Wilensky AE, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) The amygdala modulates memory

consolidation of fear-motivated inhibitory avoidance learning but not classical fear

conditioning. J Neurosci 20:7059-7066.

107. Woodson W, Farb CR, LeDoux JE (2000) Afferents from the auditory thalamus

synapse on inhibitory interneurons in the lateral nucleus of the amygdala. Synapse

38:124-137.

108. Schafe GE, Atkins CM, Swank MW, Bauer EP, Sweatt JD, LeDoux JE (2000)

Activation of ERK/MAP kinase in the amygdala is required for memory consolidation

of pavlovian fear conditioning. J Neurosci 20:8177-8187.

109. Nader K, Majidishad P, Amorapanth P, LeDoux JE (2001) Damage to the lateral

and central, but not other, amygdaloid nuclei prevents the acquisition of auditory

fear conditioning. Learn Mem 8:156-163.

110. Bauer EP, LeDoux JE, Nader K (2001) Fear conditioning and LTP in the lateral

amygdala are sensitive to the same stimulus contingencies. Nat Neurosci 4:687-

688.

111. Repa JC, Muller J, Apergis J, Desrochers TM, Zhou Y, LeDoux JE (2001) Two

different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the initiation and storage of

memory. Nat Neurosci 4:724-731.

112. Yaniv D, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE, Richter-Levin G (2001) A gradient of plasticity in

the amygdala revealed by cortical and subcortical stimulation, in vivo. Neuroscience

106:613-620.

113. Rodrigues SM, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2001) Intra-amygdala blockade of the

NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor disrupts the acquisition but not the expression

of fear conditioning. J Neurosci 21:6889-6896.

114. Peper M, Karcher S, Wohlfarth R, Reinshagen G, LeDoux JE (2001) Aversive

learning in patients with unilateral lesions of the amygdala and hippocampus. Biol

Psychol 58:1-23.

115. Rodrigues SM, Bauer EP, Farb CR, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2002) The group I

metabotropic glutamate receptor mGluR5 is required for fear memory formation and

long-term potentiation in the lateral amygdala. J Neurosci 22:5219-5229.

116. Bauer EP, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2002) NMDA receptors and L-type voltagegated

calcium channels contribute to long-term potentiation and different

components of fear memory formation in the lateral amygdala. J Neurosci 22:5239-

5249.

117. Moita MA, Lamprecht R, Nader K, LeDoux JE (2002) A-kinase anchoring proteins in

amygdala are involved in auditory fear memory. Nat Neurosci 5:837-838.

118. Debiec J, LeDoux JE, Nader K (2002) Cellular and systems reconsolidation in the

hippocampus. Neuron 36:527-538.

119. Doron NN, LeDoux JE, Semple MN (2002) Redefining the tonotopic core of rat

auditory cortex: physiological evidence for a posterior field. J Comp Neurol 453:345-

360.

120. Lamprecht R, Farb CR, LeDoux JE (2002) Fear memory formation involves p190

RhoGAP and ROCK proteins through a GRB2-mediated complex. Neuron 36:727-

738.

122. Moita MA, Rosis S, Zhou Y, LeDoux JE, Blair HT (2003) Hippocampal place cells

acquire location-specific responses to the conditioned stimulus during auditory fear

conditioning. Neuron 37:485-497.

122. Blair HT, Tinkelman A, Moita MA, LeDoux JE (2003) Associative plasticity in

neurons of the lateral amygdala during auditory fear conditioning. Ann N Y Acad Sci

985:485-487.

123. Sullivan GM, Apergis J, Gorman JM, LeDoux JE (2003) Rodent doxapram model of

panic: behavioral effects and c-Fos immunoreactivity in the amygdala. Biol

Psychiatry 53:863-870.

124. Doyere V, Schafe GE, Sigurdsson T, LeDoux JE (2003) Long-term potentiation in

freely moving rats reveals asymmetries in thalamic and cortical inputs to the lateral

amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 17:2703-2715.

125. Morgan MA, Schulkin J, LeDoux JE (2003) Ventral medial prefrontal cortex and

emotional preservation: the memory for prior extinction training. Behav Brain Res

146:121-130.

126. Rodrigues SM, Farb CR, Bauer EP, LeDoux JE, Schafe GE (2004) Pavlovian fear

conditioning regulates Thr286 autophosphorylation of Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent

protein kinase II at lateral amygdala synapses. J Neurosci 24:3281-3288.

127. Lanuza E, Nader K, LeDoux JE (2004) Unconditioned stimulus pathways to the

amygdala: effects of posterior thalamic and cortical lesions on fear conditioning.

Neurosci 124:305-315.

128. Burghardt NS, Sullivan GM, McEwen BS, Gorman JM, LeDoux JE (2004) The

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram increases fear after acute treatment

but reduces fear with chronic treatment: a comparison with tianeptine. Biol

Psychiatry 55:1171-1178.

129. Moita MA, Rosis S, Zhou Y, LeDoux JE, Blair HT (2004) Putting fear in its place:

remapping of hippocampal place cells during fear conditioning. J Neurosci 24:7015-

7023.

130. Sullivan GM, Apergis J, Bush DEA, Johnson LR, Mou H, LeDoux JE (2004) Lesions

in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis disrupt corticosterone and freezing

responses elicited by a contextual but not a specific cue-conditioned fear stimulus.

Neuroscience 128:7-14.

131. Phelps EA, Delgado MR, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE (2004) Extinction Learning in

Humans; Role of the Amygdala and vmPFC. Neuron 43:897-905.

132. Bauer EP, LeDoux JE (2004) Heterosynaptic long-term potentiation of inhibitory

interneurons in the lateral amygdala. J Neurosci 24:9507-9512.

133. Debiec J, LeDoux JE (2004) Disruption of reconsolidation but not consolidation of

auditory fear conditioning by noradrenergic blockade in the amygdala.

Neuroscience 129:267-272.

134. Pham K, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE, Nader K (2005) Fear learning transiently impairs

hippocampal cell proliferation. Neuroscience 130:17-24.

135. Duvarci S, Nader K, LeDoux JE (2005) Activation of extracellular signal-regulated

kinase- mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade in the amygdala is required for

memory reconsolidation of auditory fear conditioning. Eur J Neurosci 21:283-289.

136. Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O, Cloitre M, Goldstein M, Engelien W, Epstein

J, Yang Y, Gorman J, LeDoux J, Silbersweig D, Stern E (2005) Differential time

courses and specificity of amygdala activity in posttraumatic stress disorder

subjects and normal control subjects. Biol Psychiatry 57:464-473.

137. Rumpel S, LeDoux J, Zador A, Malinow R (2005) Postsynaptic receptor trafficking

underlying a form of associative learning. Science 308:83-88.

138. Blair HT, Sotres-Bayon F, Moita MA, LeDoux JE (2005) The lateral amygdala

processes the value of conditioned and unconditioned aversive stimuli.

Neuroscience 133:561-569.

139. Apergis-Schoute AM, Debiec J, Doyere V, LeDoux JE, Schafe GE (2005) Auditory

fear conditioning and long-term potentiation in the lateral amygdala require

ERK/MAP kinase signaling in the auditory thalamus: a role for presynaptic plasticity

in the fear system. J Neurosci 25:5730-5739.

140. Schafe GE, Bauer EP, Rosis S, Farb CR, Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE (2005)

Memory consolidation of Pavlovian fear conditioning requires nitric oxide signaling

in the lateral amygdala. Eur J Neurosci 22:201-211.

141. Butler T, Pan H, Epstein J, Protopopescu X, Tuescher O, Goldstein M, Cloitre M,

Yang Y, Phelps E, Gorman J, LeDoux J, Stern E, Silbersweig D (2005) Fear-related

activity in subgenual anterior cingulate differs between men and women.

Neuroreport 16:1233-1236.

142. Johnson LR, Farb C, Morrison JH, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE (2005) Localization of

glucocorticoid receptors at postsynaptic membranes in the lateral amygdala.

Neuroscience 136:289-299.

143. Schafe GE, Doyere V, LeDoux JE (2005) Tracking the fear engram: the lateral

amygdala is an essential locus of fear memory storage. J Neurosci 25:10010-

10014.

144. Debiec J, Doyere V, Nader K, LeDoux JE (2006) Directly reactivated, but not

indirectly reactivated, memories undergo reconsolidation in the amygdala. Proc Natl

Acad Sci U S A. 103: 3428-3433.

145. Lamprecht R, Farb CR, Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE (2006) Fear conditioning drives

profilin into amygdala dendritic spines. Nat Neurosci 9:481-483.

146. Lamprecht R, Margulies DS, Farb CR, Hou M, Johnson LR, LeDoux JE (2006)

Myosin light chain kinase regulates synaptic plasticity and fear learning in the lateral

amygdala. Neuroscience 139:821-829.

147. Protopopescu X, Pan H, Tuescher O, Cloitre M, Goldstein M, Engelien A, Yang Y,

Gorman J, LeDoux J, Stern E, Silbersweig D (2006) Increased brainstem volume in

panic disorder: a voxel-based morphometric study. Neuroreport 17:361-363.

148. Radley JJ, Johnson LR, Janssen WG, Martino J, Lamprecht R, Hof PR, LeDoux JE,

Morrison JH (2006) Associative Pavlovian conditioning leads to an increase in

spinophilin-immunoreactive dendritic spines in the lateral amygdala. Eur J Neurosci

24:876-884.

149. Debiec J, LeDoux JE (2006) Noradrenergic signaling in the amygdala contributes to

the reconsolidation of fear memory: treatment implications for PTSD. Ann N Y Acad

Sci 1071:521-524.

150. Wilensky AE, Schafe GE, Kristensen MP, LeDoux JE (2006) Rethinking the fear

circuit: the central nucleus of the amygdala is required for the acquisition,

consolidation, and expression of pavlovian fear conditioning. J Neurosci 26:12387-

12396.

151. Kopec CD, Kessels HW, Bush DE, Cain CK, LeDoux JE, Malinow R (2007) A robust

automated method to analyze rodent motion during fear conditioning.

Neuropharmacology 52:228-233.

152. Radley JJ, Farb CR, He Y, Janssen WG, Rodrigues SM, Johnson LR, Hof PR,

LeDoux JE, Morrison JH (2007) Distribution of NMDA and AMPA receptor subunits

at thalamo-amygdaloid dendritic spines. Brain Res 1134:87-94.

153. Sotres-Bayon F, Bush DE, LeDoux JE (2007) Acquisition of Fear Extinction

Requires Activation of NR2B-Containing NMDA Receptors in the Lateral Amygdala.

Neuropsychopharmacology 32:1929-40.

154. Doyere V, Debiec J, Monfils MH, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2007) Synapse-specific

reconsolidation of distinct fear memories in the lateral amygdala. Nat Neurosci

10:414-416.

155. Burghardt NS, Bush DE, McEwen BS, LeDoux JE (2007) Acute Selective Serotonin

Reuptake Inhibitors Increase Conditioned Fear Expression: Blockade With a 5-

HT(2C) Receptor Antagonist. Biol Psychiatry 62:1111-1118.

156. Bush DE, Sotres-Bayon F, LeDoux JE (2007) Individual differences in fear: Isolating

fear reactivity and fear recovery phenotypes. J Trauma Stress 20:413-422.

157. Cain CK, LeDoux JE (2007) Escape from fear: a detailed behavioral analysis of two

atypical responses reinforced by CS termination. J Exp Psychol Anim Behav

Process 33:451-463.

158. Hu H, Real E, Takamiya K, Kang MG, LeDoux J, Huganir RL, Malinow R (2007)

Emotion enhances learning via norepinephrine regulation of AMPA-receptor

trafficking. Cell 131:160-173.

159. Butler T, Pan H, Tuescher O, Engelien A, Goldstein M, Epstein J, Weisholtz D, Root

JC, Protopopescu X, Cunningham-Bussel AC, Chang L, Xie XH, Chen Q, Phelps

EA, LeDoux JE, Stern E, Silbersweig DA (2007) Human fear-related motor

neurocircuitry. Neuroscience 150:1-7.

160. Schiller D, Cain CK, Curley NG, Schwartz JS, Stern SA, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA

(2008) Evidence for recovery of fear following immediate extinction in rats and

humans. Learn Mem 15:394-402.

161. Delgado MR, Nearing KI, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2008) Neural circuitry underlying

the regulation of conditioned fear and its relation to extinction. Neuron 59:829-838.

162. Lanuza E, Moncho-Bogani J, LeDoux JE (2008) Unconditioned stimulus pathways

to the amygdala: Effects of lesions of the posterior intralaminar thalamus on footshock-induced

c-Fos expression in the subdivisions of the lateral amygdala.

Neuroscience 155:959-968.

163. Schiller D, Levy I, Niv Y, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2008) From fear to safety and

back: reversal of fear in the human brain. J Neurosci 28:11517-11525.

164. Duvarci S, Nader K, LeDoux JE (2008) De novo mRNA synthesis is required for

both consolidation and reconsolidation of fear memories in the amygdala. Learn

Mem 15:747-755.

165. Johnson LR, Hou M, Ponce-Alvarez A, Gribelyuk L, Alphs H, Albert LJ, Brown BL,

LeDoux JE, Doyere V (2008) A recurrent network in the lateral amygdala: a

mechanism for coincidence detection. Frontiers in Neural Circuits 2:1-19.

166. Sotres-Bayon F, Diaz-Mataix L, Bush DE, LeDoux JE (2009) Dissociable roles for

the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and amygdala in fear extinction: NR2B

contribution. Cereb Cortex 19:474-482.

167. Root JC, Tuescher O, Cunningham-Bussel A, Pan H, Epstein J, Altemus M, Cloitre

M, Goldstein M, Silverman M, Furman D, LeDoux J, McEwen B, Stern E,

Silbersweig D (2009) Frontolimbic function and cortisol reactivity in response to

emotional stimuli. Neuroreport 20:429-434.

168. Cunningham-Bussel AC, Root JC, Butler T, Tuescher O, Pan H, Epstein J,

Weisholtz DS, Pavony M, Silverman ME, Goldstein MS, Altemus M, Cloitre M,

LeDoux J, McEwen B, Stern E, Silbersweig D (2009) Diurnal cortisol amplitude and

fronto-limbic activity in response to stressful stimuli. Psychoneuroendocrinology

34:694-704.

169. Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, Klann E, LeDoux JE (2009) Extinction-Reconsolidation

Boundaries: Key to Persistent Attenuation of Fear Memories. Science 324:951-955.

170. Root JC, Tuescher O, Cunningham-Bussel A, Pan H, Epstein J, Altemus M, Cloitre

M, Goldstein M, Silverman M, Furman D, LeDoux J, McEwen B, Stern E,

Silbersweig D (2009) Frontolimbic function and cortisol reactivity in response to

emotional stimuli. Neuroreport 20:429-434.

171. Cunningham-Bussel AC, Root JC, Butler T, Tuescher O, Pan H, Epstein J,

Weisholtz DS, Pavony M, Silverman ME, Goldstein MS, Altemus M, Cloitre M,

LeDoux J, McEwen B, Stern E, Silbersweig D (2009) Diurnal cortisol amplitude and

fronto-limbic activity in response to stressful stimuli. Psychoneuroendocrinology

34:694-704.

172. Lamprecht R, Dracheva S, Assoun S, LeDoux JE (2009) Fear conditioning induces

distinct patterns of gene expression in lateral amygdala. Genes Brain Behav 8:735-

743.

173. Delgado MR, Jou RL, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2009) Avoiding negative outcomes:

tracking the mechanisms of avoidance learning in humans during fear conditioning.

Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 3:33.

174. Johnson LR, LeDoux JE, Doyere V (2009) Hebbian reverberations in emotional

memory micro circuits. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 3:198-205.

176. Cowansage KK, LeDoux JE, Monfils MH (2009) Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor:

A Dynamic Gatekeeper of Neural Plasticity. Curr Mol Pharmacol. 3: 12-29.

175. Schiller D, Monfils MH, Raio CM, Johnson DC, LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2010)

Preventing the return of fear in humans using reconsolidation update mechanisms.

Nature 463:49-53.

176. Lazaro-Munoz G, LeDoux JE, Cain CK (2010) Sidman Instrumental Avoidance

Initially Depends on Lateral and Basal Amygdala and Is Constrained by Central

Amygdala-Mediated Pavlovian Processes. Biol Psychiatry. 67: 1120-1127.

177. Sigurdsson T, Cain CK, Doyere V, LeDoux JE (2010) Asymmetries in long-term and

short-term plasticity at thalamic and cortical inputs to the amygdala in vivo. Eur J

Neurosci 31:250-262.

178. Debiec J, Diaz-Mataix L, Bush DE, Doyere V, LeDoux JE (2010) The amygdala

encodes specific sensory features of an aversive reinforcer. Nature Neurosci. 10:

414-416.

179. Choi JS, Cain CK, LeDoux JE (2010) The role of amygdala nuclei in the expression

of auditory signaled two-way active avoidance in rats. Learn Mem 17:139-147.

180. Ostroff, LE, Cain CK, Bedont, J, Monfils, MH, and LeDoux, JE (2010) Fear and

safety learning differentially affect synapsea size and dendritic translation in the

lateral amygdala. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 9418-9423.

181. Johanson JP, Hamanaka, H, Monfils, M, Behina, R, Deisseroth K, Blair, HT,

LeDoux, JE (2010) Optical activation of lateral amygdala pyramidal cells instructs

associative fear learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 107: 12962-12967.

182. Cunha C, Monfils MH, LeDoux JE (2010) GABA(c) Receptors in the Lateral

Amygdala: A Possible Novel Target for the Treatment of Fear and Anxiety

Disorders. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 4: 6-10.

 

Review Articles and Book Chapters

1. LeDoux JE (1978) The Neurology of Emotion. In: Biosocial Aspects of Development

(Angeli F, ed). Milano: Casa Editrice.

2. LeDoux JE (1979) Parieto-occipital symptomology: the split-brain perspective. In:

Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology: Neuropsychology (Gazzaniga MS, ed). New

York: Plenum Press.

3. LeDoux JE, Wilson DH, Gazzaniga MS (1979) Beyond commissurotomy: clues to

some mechanisms of consciousness. In: Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology:

Neuropsychology (Gazzaniga MS, ed). New York: Plenum Press.

4. LeDoux JE (1981) Neuroevolutionary mechanisms of language. Proceedings of

First International Congress of Neuropsychology, The Neurological Institute of

Colombia, Bogota.

5. LeDoux JE, Gazzaniga MS (1981) The brain and the split-brain: a duel with duality

as a model of mind. Behav. Brain Sci. 4:109-110.

6. LeDoux JE (1982) Neuroevolutionary mechanisms of cerebral asymmetry in man.

Brain Behav Evol 20:196-212.

7. LeDoux JE (1984) Cerebral asymmetry and the integrated function of the brain. In:

Functions of the Right Hemisphere (Young A, ed), pp 203-216. London: Academic.

8. LeDoux JE (1984) Cognitive Evolution: Clues from Brain Asymmetry. In: The Right

Hemisphere (Ardilla A, Ostrovsky F, eds). New York: Gordon and Breach.

9. LeDoux JE (1984) Cognition and Emotion: Processing Functions and Brain

Systems. In: Handbook of Cognitive Neuroscience (Gazzaniga MS, ed). New York:

Plenum Press.

10. LeDoux JE (1985) Brain, mind, language. In: Brain and Mind (Oakley D, ed).

London: Matheun.

11. LeDoux JE (1986) Neurobiology of Emotion. In: Mind and Brain: Dialogues in

Cognitive Neuroscience (LeDoux JE, Hirst W, eds). New York: Cambridge

University Press.

12. LeDoux JE (1986) Sensory Systems and Emotion: A Model of Affective Processing.

Integrative Psychiatry, 4, 237-238.

13. Reis DJ, LeDoux JE (1987) Some central neural mechanisms governing resting and

behaviorally coupled control of blood pressure. Circulation 76 (suppl. 1), 12-19.

14. LeDoux JE (1987) Emotion. In: Handbook of Physiology: Nervous System V, Higher

Function, Plum, F. (volume editor), Mountcastle, V.B. (series editor), Washington,

D.C.: American Physiological Society, pp. 419-459.

15. LeDoux JE (1989) Mechanisms of Emotional Plasticity. In: Neural Control of Bodily

Function: New Frontiers in Stress Research (Weiner H, ed).

16. LeDoux JE (1989) Cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain. Cognition and

Emotion 3:267-289.

17. LeDoux JE (1990) Fear Pathways in the Brain: Implications for Theories of the

Emotional Brain. In Fear and Defense (Brain P, Parmigiani S, Maindardi D,

Blanchard RJ, eds). London: Gordon and Breach.

18. LeDoux JE (1990) Information flow from sensation to emotion: Plasticity in the

neural computation of stimulus value. In: Learning and Computational Neuroscience

(Gabriel M, Moore J, eds), pp 3-51. Bradford Books (MIT Press).

19. LeDoux JE (1991) Emotion and the limbic system concept. Concepts Neurosci

2:169-199.

20. LeDoux JE (1991) Emotion and the brain. J. NIH Res. 3:49-51.
21. LeDoux JE (1992) Emotional short-circuits in the brain. In: Neuroscience Year:

Supplement 2 to the Encyclopedia of Neuroscience (Smith B, Adelman G, eds), pp

61-62. Birkhauser, Boston.

22. LeDoux JE (1992) Emotion and the amygdala. In: The Amygdala (Aggleton J, ed),

pp 339-351. New York: Academic Press.

23. LeDoux JE (1992) Brain mechanisms of emotion and emotional learning. Current

Opinion in Neurobiology 2:191-198.

24. LeDoux JE (1992) Emotion as memory: Anatomical systems underlying indelible

neural traces. In Handbook of Memory and Emotion (Christianson SA, ed), pp 269-

288. Erlbaum.
289. LeDoux JE (1992) Neural Substrates of Emotional memory. In: Encyclopedia of

Learning and Memory (Squire LR, ed), pp 483-486. New York: Macmillan.

26. LeDoux JE (1992) Systems and synapses of emotional memory. In: Memory:

Organization and Locus of Change (Squire LR, Lynch G, Weinberger NM,

McGaugh JL, eds). Oxford, New York.

27. LeDoux JE (1992) Brain systems and emotional memory. In: International Review

on Studies of Emotion (Strongman K, ed), pp 23-29. John Wiley.

28. LeDoux JE (1992) Emotional networks in the brain. In: Handbook of Emotions

(Lewis M, Haviland J, eds), pp. 109-118. New York: Guilford.

29. LeDoux JE (1992) Emotional Memories in the Brain. In: Neuropsychology of

Memory, 2nd Edition (Squire L, Butters N, eds). New York: Guilford Press.

30. LeDoux JE (1993) Emotional memory: in search of systems and synapses. Brain

Mechanisms 1990: Papers in Memory of Robert Thompson. Annals of the New York

Academy of Sciences, New York. 702:149-157.

31. LeDoux JE (1993) Emotional memory systems in the brain. Behavioral Brain

Research 58:69-79.

32. LeDoux JE (1994) Cognitive-emotional interactions in the brain; Emotion-specific

physiological activity: Don’t forget about CNS physiology; The degree of emotional

control depends on the kind of neural System Involved; Memory vs. emotional

memory in the brain; Emotional experience is an output of not a cause of emotion

processing. In: The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental Questions (Ekman P,

Davidson RJ, eds). New York: Oxford University Press.

33. LeDoux JE (1994) In Search of an Emotional System in the Brain: Leaping from

Fear to Emotion and Consciousness. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences (Gazzaniga

MS, ed). Cambridge: MIT Press.

34. LeDoux JE (1994) The amygdala: contributions to fear and stress. Seminars in

Neuroscience 6:231-237.

35. LeDoux JE (1994) Emotion, Memory, and the Brain. Sci Am 270:50-7.
36. LeDoux JE (1995) Emotion: clues from the brain. Ann Review of Psychol 46:209-

235.

37. LeDoux JE, Fellous JM (1995) Emotion and Computational Neuroscience. In:

Handbook of Brain Theory and Neural Networks (Arbib M, ed). Cambridge: MIT

Press.

38. LeDoux JE (1995) Setting “Stress” into Motion: Brain Mechanisms of Stimulus

Evaluation. In: Neurobiological and Clinical Consequences of Stress: From Normal

Adaptation to PTSD (Friedman M, Charney DS, Deutch AY, eds), pp 125-134. New

York: Raven Press.

39. Rogan M, LeDoux JE (1996) Emotion: Systems, cells, synaptic plasticity. Cell

85:469-475.

40. LeDoux JE (1996) Emotional networks and motor control: A fearful view. In G.

Holstege, R. Bandler, and C. Saper (eds) Progress in Brain Research (The

Emotional Motor System). 107:437-436.

41. LaBar K, LeDoux JE (1996) Emotion and the Brain: An overview. In: Behavioral

Neurology and Neuropsychology (Feinberg T, Farah M, eds). New York: Academic.

42. LaBar K, LeDoux JE (1996) Brain Mechanisms of Emotion and Emotional Learning.

In: Frontiers in Biology. Brain of Homo Sapiens (Bizzi E, Calissano P, Voltero V,

eds).

43. LeDoux JE (1996) Emotional circuits in the brain. In: Encyclopedia of Neuroscience

(Adelman G, Smith B, eds). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

44. Quirk G, Armony JL, Repa JC, Li X-F, LeDoux JE (1996) Emotional Memory: A

search for sites of plasticity. Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology

61:247-257.

45. LeDoux JE (1996) The Emotional Brain: Clues from Fear Conditioning. In:

Perception, Memory and Emotion: Frontiers in Neuroscience, pp 513-524. Elsevier

Science.

46. Armony JL, Servan-Schreiber D, Cohen JD, LeDoux JE (1997) Computational

modeling of emotion: Explorations through the anatomy and physiology of fear

conditioning. Trends Cogn Sci 1:28-34.

47. Pitkanen A, Savander V, LeDoux JE (1997) Organization of intra-amygdaloid

circuitries in the rat: an emerging framework for understanding functions of the

amygdala. Trends Neurosci 20:517-523.

48. Nader K, LeDoux JE (1997) Is it time to invoke multiple fear learning systems in the

amygdala? Trends Cogn Sci 1:241-244.

49. Armony JL, LeDoux JE (1997) How the brain processes emotional information. In

Psychobiology of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. Annals of the New York Academy

of Sciences 821:259-270.

50. LeDoux JE, Muller J (1997) Emotional memory and psychopathology. Phil. Trans.
51. Soc. Lond. B 352:1719-26.
52. LeDoux JE (1997) Emotion, Memory, and Pain. Pain Forum 6:36-7.
53. Fanselow MS, LeDoux JE (1999) Why we think plasticity underlying Pavlovian fear

conditioning occurs in the basolateral amygdala. Neuron 23:229-232.

53. LeDoux JE (1999) Emotional circuits in the brain. Encyclopedia of Neuroscience.

2nd ed. Elsevier. 644-646.

54. LeDoux JE (1999) Can neurobiology tell us anything about human feelings? In

Foundations of Hedonic Psychology: Scientific Perspectives on Enjoyment and

Suffering. (Kahneman D, Diener E, Schwarz N, eds). New York: Russell Sage

Foundation.

55. LeDoux JE (1999) Cognition and Emotion: Listen to the Brain. In: Emotion and

Cognitive Neuroscience (Lane R, ed). New York: Oxford University Press.

56. LeDoux JE (1999) Fear and the Brain: Where have we been and where are we

going? Biological Psychiatry 44:1229-1238.

57. Armony JL, LeDoux JE (1999) How danger is encoded: Towards a systems,

cellular, and computational understanding of cognitive-emotional interactions in fear

circuits. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences (Gazzaniga MS, ed). Cambridge: MIT

Press.

58. LeDoux JE, Rogan M (1999) Emotion and the Animal Brain. In: The MIT

Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (Wilson RA, Keil FC, eds), pp 269-271.

Cambridge: MIT Press.

59. LeDoux JE (1999) Psychoanalytic Theory: Clues from the Brain. NeuroPsychoanalysis.

Conn., International Universities Press, 1(1):44-49.

60. Nader K, LeDoux JE (1999) The Neural Circuits that Underlie Fear. In: Extreme

Fear, Shyness, and Social Phobia (Schmidt LA, Schulkin J, eds). New York: Oxford

University Press.

61. Nader K, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2000) The labile nature of consolidation theory.

Nat Neurosci Rev 1: 216-219.

62. LeDoux JE (2000) Emotion circuits in the brain. Annu Rev Neurosci. 23, 155-184.
63. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE (2000) Emotional Networks in the Brain. In: Handbook of

Emotions, 2nd Edition (Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, eds). New York: Guilford

Press.

64. LeDoux J (2000) Cognitive-Emotional Interactions: Listen to the Brain. In: Cognitive

Neuroscience of Emotion (Lane R, Nadel L, eds), pp 129-155. Oxford: Oxford

University Press.

65. Nader K, LeDoux JE (2000) How the brain learns about danger. In: Brain

Perception Memory (Bolhuis JJ, ed), pp 253-266. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

66. Sparks PD, LeDoux JE (2000) The Septal Complex as Seen Through the Context of

Fear. In: The Behavioral Neuroscience of the Septal Region (Numan R, ed), pp

234-269. New York: Springer-Verlag.

67. Yaniv D, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE, Richter-Levin G (2000) Perihinal cortex and

thalamic stimulation induces LTP in different areas of the amygdala. Annals of the

N.Y. Acad. Sciences 911:474-6.

68. Schafe GE, Nader K, Blair HT, LeDoux JE (2001) Memory consolidation of

Pavlovian fear conditioning: a cellular and molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci

24:540-6.

69. Blair HT, Schafe GE, Bauer EP, Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE (2001) Synaptic

plasticity in the lateral amygdala: a cellular hypothesis of fear conditioning. Learn

Mem 8:229-42.

70. LeDoux JE, Gorman JM (2001) A call to action: Overcoming anxiety through active

coping. Am J Psychiatry 158: 1953-1955.

71. LaBar K, LeDoux JE (2001) Coping with Danger: The neural basis of defensive

behaviors and fearful feelings. In: Handbook of Physiology. Section 7: the

Endocrine System. Vol. 6: Coping with Environment: Neural and Endocrine

Mechanisms (McEwen BS, eds), pp 139-154. New York: Oxford University Press.

72. Rogan MT, Weisskopf MG, Huang Y-Y, Kandel ER, LeDoux JE (2001) Long-Term

Potentiation in the Amygdala: Implications for Memory. In: Neuronal Mechanisms of

Memory Formation (Hölscher C, ed), pp 58-76. Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press.

73. LeDoux JE (2001) The neuroscience of fear. In: Emotions, Qualia, and

Consciousness (Kaszniak A, ed). Singapore: World Scientific.

74. Medina JF, Repa JC, Mauk MD, LeDoux JE (2002) Parallels between cerebellumand

amygdala-dependent conditioning. Nat Rev Neurosci 3: 122-131.

75. LeDoux JE (2002) The Self and the Brain. Prospect 77:50-53.
76. LeDoux JE (2002) Emotion, Memory, and the Brain. Sci Am 12:62-71.
77. LeDoux JE (2002) Mind, Brain and Self. In: The next fifty years: science in the first

half of the twenty-first century (Brockman J, ed), pp 243-254. New York: Vintage

Books.

78. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE (2002) Emotional learning circuits in animals and humans. In:

Handbook of Affective Sciences (Davidson RJ, Scherer K, Goldsmith HH, eds), pp

52-65. New York: Oxford University Press.

79. Brown TH, Byrne JH, LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Lindquist DH, Thompson RF, Tyler T

(2003) Learning and Memory: Basic Mechanisms. In: From Molecules to Networks

(Byrne JH, Roberts JL, eds), pp 499-574. New York: Elsevier Science (USA).

80. Debiec J, LeDoux JE (2003) Conclusions From Self-Knowledge to Science of the

Self. In: The Self: From Soul to Brain (LeDoux JE, Debiec J, Moss H, eds). Annals

of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1001, September 2003.

81. LeDoux JE (2003) The Self: Clues from the brain. In: The Self: From Soul to Brain

(LeDoux JE, Debiec J, Moss H, eds). Annals of the New York Academy of

Sciences, Vol. 1001, September 2003.

82. LaBar KS, LeDoux JE (2003) Emotion and the brain: An overview. In: Behavioral

Neurology and Neuropsychology, 2nd Edition (Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, eds). New

York: Mc-Graw Hill.

83. LeDoux JE (2003) The Emotional Brain, Fear, and the Amgydala. Cell Mol

Neurobiol 23:727-738.

84. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2003) Neural substrates of emotional memory. In: Learning

& Memory, 2nd Edition (Byrne JH, ed), pp 466-469. Farmington Hills: MacMillan.

85. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2002) Emotional plasticity. In: Steven’s Handbook of

Experimental Psychology, 3rd Edition (Gallistel CR, ed), pp 535-561: Wiley.

86. Pare D, Quirk GJ, LeDoux JE (2004) New vistas on amygdala networks in

conditioned fear. J Neurophysiol 92:1-9.

87. Lamprecht R, LeDoux J (2004) Structural plasticity and memory. Nat Rev Neurosci

5:45-54.

88. Rodrigues SM, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2004) Molecular mechanisms underlying

emotional learning and memory in the lateral amygdala. Neuron 44:75-91.

89. Sotres-Bayon F, Bush DE, LeDoux JE (2004) Emotional perseveration: an update

on prefrontal-amygdala interactions in fear extinction. Learn Mem 11:525-535.

90. Sullivan GM, LeDoux JE (2004) Synaptic Self: Conditioned Fear, Developmental

Adversity, and the Anxious Individual. In: Fear and Anxiety: The Benefits of

Translational Research (Gorman JM, ed). Arlington: American Psychiatric

Publishing, Inc.

91. Johnson LR, LeDoux JE (2004) The Anatomy of Fear: Microcircuits of the Lateral

Amygdala. In: Fear and Anxiety: The Benefits of Translational Research (Gorman

JM, ed). Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

92. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2004) The neural basis of fear. In: The Cognitive

Neurosciences, 3rd Edition (Gazzaniga MS, ed), pp 987-1003. Cambridge: MIT

Press.

93. LeDoux JE (2004) The Self: Clues from the Brain. In The Self: From Soul to Brain.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1001, September 2003.

94. Phelps EA, LeDoux JE (2005) Contributions of the amygdala to emotion processing:

from animal models to human behavior. Neuron 48:175-187.

95. Fellous J-M, LeDoux JE (2005) Toward Basic Principles for Emotional Processing:

What the fearful brain tells the robot. In: Who Needs Emotion? The brain meets the

robot (Fellous J-M, Arbib MA, eds), pp 79-115. New York: Oxford.

96. Sotres-Bayon F, Cain CK, LeDoux JE (2006) Brain Mechanisms of Fear Extinction:

Historical Perspectives on the Contribution of Prefrontal Cortex. Biol Psychiatry

60:329-336.

97. Sigurdsson T, Doyere V, Cain CK, LeDoux JE (2007) Long-term potentiation in the

amygdala: A cellular mechanism of fear learning and memory. Neuropharmacology

52:215-227.

98. LeDoux J (2007) The amygdala. Curr Biol 17:R868-874.
99. Monfils MH, Cowansage KK, LeDoux JE (2007) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor:

linking fear learning to memory consolidation. Mol Pharmacol 72:235-237.

100. Yehuda R, LeDoux J (2007) Response variation following trauma: a translational

neuroscience approach to understanding PTSD. Neuron 56:19-32.

101. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2007) Neurochemistry/Neuropharmacology of fear & fear

conditioning. In: Handbook of Neurochemistry and Molecular Neurobiology:

Behavioral neurochemistry and neuroendocrinology, 3rd Edition (Blaustein JD, ed).

New York: Springer Verlag.

102. LeDoux, JE (2007) Emotional Memory. In: Scholarpedia,

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Emotional_memory

103. LeDoux, JE (2008) Amygdala. In: Scholarpedia,

http://www.scholarpedia.org/article/Amygdala

104. Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2008) Neural and molecular mechanisms of fear memory.

In: Learning & Memory: A comprehensive reference: Molecular mechanisms

(Sweatt JD, ed): Academic Press.

105. LeDoux JE, Phelps EA (2008) Emotional Networks in the Brain. In: Handbook of

Emotions, 3rd Edition (Lewis M, Haviland-Jones JM, Barrett LF, eds), pp 159-179.

New York: Guilford Press.

106. Blair HT, Nader K, Schafe GE, Bauer EP, Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE (2008) The

role of the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in auditory fear conditioning. In: Topics in

Integrative Neuroscience: From cells to cognition (Pomerantz JR, ed), pp 299-325.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

107. Meaney MJ, LeDoux JE, Liebowitz ML (2008) Neurobiology of Anxiety Disorders.

In: Psychiatry, 3rd Edition (Tasman A, Kay J, Lieberman JA, First MB, Maj M, eds),

pp 315-338. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

108. Cain CK, LeDoux JE (2008) Brain mechanisms of Pavlovian and instrumental

aversive conditioning. In: Handbook of Anxiety and Fear (Blanchard RJ, Blanchard

DC, Griebel G, Nutt D, eds), pp 103-124. Jordan Hill: Academic Press.

109. Byrne JH, LaBar KS, LeDoux JE, Schafe GE, Sweatt JD, Thompson RF (2009)

Learning & Memory: Basic mechanisms. In: From Molecules to Networks: An

introduction to cellular and molecular neuroscience, 2nd Edition (Byrne JH, Roberts

JL, eds), pp 539-608. Burlington: Academic Press.

110. Bush DEA, Schafe GE, LeDoux JE (2009) Neural basis of fear conditioning. In:

Handbook of Neuroscience for the Behavioral Sciences (Berntson GG, Cacioppo

JT, eds), pp 762-780. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

111. LeDoux JE (2008) Emotional Colouration of Consciousness: How Feelings Come

About. In: Frontiers of Consciousness (Weiskrantz LW, Davies M, eds), pp 69-130.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

112. Cain C, Debiec J, LeDoux JE (2008) Consolidation and reconsolidation of Pavlovian

fear-conditioning: roles for intracellular signaling and extracellular modulation in

memory storage. In: Beyond the Synapse: Cell-Cell Signaling in Synaptic Plasticity

(Fields RD, ed), 72-88. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

113. Cain C, LeDoux JE (2008) Emotional Processing and Motivation: In Search of Brain

Mechanisms. In: Handbook of Approach and Avoidance Motivation (Elliot AJ, ed),

17-34. New York: Psychology Press, Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

114. LeDoux JE, Schiller D (2009) The Human Amygdala: Insights from Other Animals.

In: The Human Amygdala (Whalen PJ, Phelps EA, eds), pp 43-60. New York: The

Guilford Press.

115. Rodrigues SM, LeDoux JE, Sapolsky RM (2009) The influence of stress hormones

on fear circuitry. Annu Rev Neurosci 32:289-313.

116. Debiec J, LeDoux JE (2009) The Amygdala and the Neural Pathways of Fear. In:

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Basic science and clinical practice (Shiromani PJ,

Keane TM, LeDoux JE, eds), pp 23-38. New York: Humana Press.

117. LeDoux JE (2009) Neural architecture of emotion. In: The Oxford Companion to

Emotion and the Affective Sciences (Sander D, Scherer KR, eds), pp 276-279.

Oxford: Oxford University Press.

118. LeDoux JE (2009) Emotion, scientific perspectives. In: The Oxford Companion to

Consciousness (Bayne T, Cleeremans A, Wilken P, eds), pp 262-265. Oxford:

Oxford University Press.

119. LeDoux JE, Schiller D, Cain C (2009) Emotional Reaction and Action: From Threat

Processing to Goal-Directed Behavior. In: The Cognitive Neurosciences, 4th Edition

(Gazzaniga MS, ed), pp 905-924. Cambridge: MIT Press.

120. LeDoux JE, Doyere V (in press) Emotional memory processing: Synaptic

connectivity. In: The Memory Process: Neuroscientific and Humanistic Perspectives

(Nalbantian S, Matthews P, McClelland JL, eds). MIT Press.

121. Monfils MH, Bush DEA, LeDoux JE (2010) Neural Substrates of Conditioned Fear

and Anxiety. In: Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience (Koob GF, Le Moal M,

Thompson RF, eds), pp 362-368. Oxford: Academic Press.

Books

1. Gazzaniga MS, LeDoux JE (1978) The Integrated Mind. New York: Plenum Press.
2. LeDoux JE, Hirst W (1986) Mind and Brain: Dialogues in Cognitive Neuroscience,

New York: Cambridge University Press.

3. LeDoux JE (1996) The Emotional Brain. New York: Simon and Schuster.
4. LeDoux JE (2002) Synaptic Self. New York: Viking.
5. LeDoux JE, Debiec J, Moss H (eds) The Self: From Soul to Brain. Annals of the

New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1001, September 2003.

6. Shiromani PJ, Keane TM, LeDoux JE, eds (2009) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder:

Basic science and clinical practice. New York: Humana Press.

7. LeDoux JE (in prep) An Introduction to Brain, Mind and Behavior, New York: W. W.

Norton